A GPU kernel can read sensitive data from another GPU kernel (even from another user or app) through an optimized GPU memory region called _local memory_ on various architectures.

Kernel software installed and running inside a Guest VM may exploit memory shared with the GPU Firmware to write data outside the Guest's virtualised GPU memory.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to cause mismanagement of reference counting to cause a potential use after free. Improper reference counting on an internal resource caused scenario where potential for use after free was present.

A web page that contains unusual GPU shader code is loaded from the Internet into the GPU compiler process triggers a write use-after-free crash in the GPU shader compiler library. On certain platforms, when the compiler process has system privileges this could enable further exploits on the device. The shader code contained in the web page executes a path in the compiler that held onto an out of date pointer, pointing to a freed memory object.

Intermediate register values of secure workloads can be exfiltrated in workloads scheduled from applications running in the non-secure environment of a platform.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to subvert GPU HW to write to arbitrary physical memory pages.

Software installed and running inside a Guest VM may override Firmware's state and gain access to the GPU.

Software installed and running inside a Guest VM may conduct improper GPU system calls to prevent other Guests from running work on the GPU.

Possible memory leak or kernel exceptions caused by reading kernel heap data after free or NULL pointer dereference kernel exception.

Possible kernel exceptions caused by reading and writing kernel heap data after free.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to trigger NULL pointer dereference kernel exceptions.

Kernel or driver software installed on a Guest VM may post improper commands to the GPU Firmware to exploit a TOCTOU race condition and trigger a read and/or write of data outside the allotted memory escaping the virtual machine.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to trigger reads of stale data that can lead to kernel exceptions and write use-after-free. The Use After Free common weakness enumeration was chosen as the stale data can include handles to resources in which the reference counts can become unbalanced. This can lead to the premature destruction of a resource while in use.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to subvert GPU HW to write to arbitrary physical memory pages. Under certain circumstances this exploit could be used to corrupt data pages not allocated by the GPU driver but memory pages in use by the kernel and drivers running on the platform altering their behaviour. This attack can lead the GPU to perform write operations on restricted internal GPU buffers that can lead to a second order affect of corrupted arbitrary physical memory.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to gain write permissions to memory buffers exported as read-only. This is caused by improper handling of the memory protections for the buffer resource.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to cause mismanagement of resources reference counting creating a potential use after free scenario. Improper resource management and reference counting on an internal resource caused scenario where potential write use after free was present.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to gain write permission to read-only wrapped user-mode memory. This is caused by improper handling of the memory protections for the user-mode wrapped memory resource.